Now included in a mailing by immature connected fences, 6 buildings located in the unit area of campus have been inundated with bulldozers and building workers is to past month. The site is home to UM’s ultimate building project, the dispersion and replacement of the ancestral Foster, Allen, Smith, Railey, Brunstetter and Grosvenor apartments.
The fences were originally placed in early December, and dispersion took place during winter break to lower its repercussions on campus functions.
“We’ve finished two buildings so far, buildings 22 and 23,” mentioned Eddy Lopez, plan executive is to unit demolition. Building 22 is the Brunstetter unit and 23 is the Grosvenor apartment.
Demolition of building 41, the Railey apartment, is underway, and the whole replacement routine is scheduled for finishing in late March.
According to UM orator Margot Winick, the buildings have been slated to be demolished given 1992, but permits and home ordinances were usually not long ago postulated by the City of Coral Gables.
Completed in 1948, the unit area was originally directed towards to residence tied together veterans and their families. After World War II, the buildings were used for tyro housing and organizational offices.
These buildings, Winick said, have outlived their utility as tyro housing standards have developed. The area will be landscaped and treated with colour as open space once the buildings are demolished.
Building unit intricate 29 includes the Hughes, Rhodes, La Gorce and Pentland buildings; these will be recorded as a ancestral cluster and will sojourn in use. The Hughes and Rhodes buildings along with School of Architecture buildings 48 and 49 are now used as organizational offices and classrooms.
Students and employees working nearby and inside of the intricate have not been negatively impacted by the project.
“I asked one of the building workers what was going on because we was curious, but the building hasn’t unequivocally impacted me,” mentioned Annie George, plan director is to Back on Track Study in the Psychology Department. George has worked in the Rhodes residence for 13 years.
Although evident replacement skeleton will deliver greenery, trees, walkways and irrigation, UM’s chief plan considers this area the future site of both educational and housing buildings that will encounter the needs of today’s students.
“I was unhappy to see them go, but they were type of unequivocally aged though. And we know a few others weren’t as good as ours,” mentioned comparison Katharine Woodward, who used to live in the apartments.
2011年3月9日 星期三
Architecture | Career In Bca
B.C.A i.e. bachelors for P.C. focus is the graduation grade written for students determined to surpass in the margin of computers. Aspirants who are prone towards P.C. connected subjects and studies or even if you are not unequivocally meddlesome in computers but do have a rapid considering thoughts that can investigate the incident at palm and request concepts towards elucidate them can make successful vocation B.C.A.
Minimum eligibility is to march is 12th or homogeneous School/College grade from any established Education Board and generation is 3 years that is normally covered by division system.
B.C.A. Course:
Generally B.C.A march involves learning and mastering assorted programming languages as Practical Labs assignments are moreover a segment of the course.
B.C.A. synopsis is very far-reaching as Data and File Structure Using C, D.B.M.S., Digital Electronics and Computer Organization, Computer Oriented Statistical & Optimization Methods, Operating System, Computer System Architecture & Assembly Language, Production & Operations Management, Computer Oriented Financial Management, Data Communication Networks, Computer Graphics, Object Oriented Design and Programming in C++, Software Engineering, Programming in Visual BASIC, Information Systems: Analysis, Design & Implementation, Client Server Technology, Multimedia and Applications are subjects covered to create best P.C. professionals in our nation. On the entire it may be resolved that BCA synopsis successfully covers all necessary topics to create best P.C. professionals in nation.
Job Prospects:
After successful finishing of BCA march you can work as a : Software Programmer, Database Administrator, System and Network Administrator, Multimedia/Web Programmer, Web Designer or if you gaunt towards the educational side – As Faculty for Computer Science/Computer Application Technologies.
B.C.A Institutes in Delhi:
In Delhi there are many institutions that offer B.C.A course. Following is the list of a few of them:
Academy of Technology Management – Global Business School (ATM-GBS)
Amity Institute of Information Technology
Bharati Vidyapeeth University Institute of Management & Research (BVIMR)
Delhi Institute of Technology and Management (DITM)
HLM Group of Institutions
Institute of Management & Research (IMR)
Sharda Group of Institutions
Shiva Institute of Management Studies (SIMS)
Apart from the on top of there is long list of institutes in Delhi that give Bachelor’s grade to aspirants in Computer Applications.
Minimum eligibility is to march is 12th or homogeneous School/College grade from any established Education Board and generation is 3 years that is normally covered by division system.
B.C.A. Course:
Generally B.C.A march involves learning and mastering assorted programming languages as Practical Labs assignments are moreover a segment of the course.
B.C.A. synopsis is very far-reaching as Data and File Structure Using C, D.B.M.S., Digital Electronics and Computer Organization, Computer Oriented Statistical & Optimization Methods, Operating System, Computer System Architecture & Assembly Language, Production & Operations Management, Computer Oriented Financial Management, Data Communication Networks, Computer Graphics, Object Oriented Design and Programming in C++, Software Engineering, Programming in Visual BASIC, Information Systems: Analysis, Design & Implementation, Client Server Technology, Multimedia and Applications are subjects covered to create best P.C. professionals in our nation. On the entire it may be resolved that BCA synopsis successfully covers all necessary topics to create best P.C. professionals in nation.
Job Prospects:
After successful finishing of BCA march you can work as a : Software Programmer, Database Administrator, System and Network Administrator, Multimedia/Web Programmer, Web Designer or if you gaunt towards the educational side – As Faculty for Computer Science/Computer Application Technologies.
B.C.A Institutes in Delhi:
In Delhi there are many institutions that offer B.C.A course. Following is the list of a few of them:
Academy of Technology Management – Global Business School (ATM-GBS)
Amity Institute of Information Technology
Bharati Vidyapeeth University Institute of Management & Research (BVIMR)
Delhi Institute of Technology and Management (DITM)
HLM Group of Institutions
Institute of Management & Research (IMR)
Sharda Group of Institutions
Shiva Institute of Management Studies (SIMS)
Apart from the on top of there is long list of institutes in Delhi that give Bachelor’s grade to aspirants in Computer Applications.
2011年3月8日 星期二
Architecture For Humanity | Shira Lazar: The Inspired Nation: Architecture For Humanity On Haiti And Rebuilding The World
A year ago, Haiti was struck with a of the worst earthquakes in history. The 7.0 extend upheaval killed an estimated 212,000 people and tore detached a nation already in shambles. People around the world rapidly responded using amicable media and their mobile phones to elevate money, expansion the word and trigger volunteers on the ground. The extinction continues to break archives in conditions of donations, with over 1.4 billion lifted over a year.
According to a consult by the Chronicle of Philanthropy of 60 leading comfort organizations, usually 38 percent of that allowance has been outlayed to give liberation and rebuilding aid. One of the non-profits that has been on the belligerent is to past year is Architecture For Humanity .
Over the past 12 years, they have turn experts at literally rebuilding communities in need. On today’s “The Inspired Nation”, we speak to co-founder Cameron Sinclair about how he grew AFH to what it is today, the stream state of Haiti, what countries are still in need, and eventually what options there are for all of us to help too.
Lets initial speak about how Architecture for Humanity got proposed and what’s it all about:
Architecture for Humanity provides architectural and building services to communities in need. We’ve worked in 38 countries building schools, illness clinics, residents structures and low-income housing for those who have suffered from innate disasters or face systemic problems of poverty. We duct building skill and appropriation to significant projects that make a disparity locally. On the Gulf coastline we were entangled in the building and correct of over 700 homes and we are completing a array of girl sports services opposite sub-Saharan Africa. On a national level we have over 70 town formed chapters that attend to a operation of problems that add homelessness, open space and residents gardens.
I didn’t select this job, it chose me. we grew up in difficult neighborhoods in South and East London and even as a youngster was preoccupied by the way bad environments affected communities. Lack of respect, hostility and amicable disturbance was familiar and from this place an thought to turn an designer of change emerged. By the time we graduated this thought became my philosophy. we couldn’t find wherever to use this arrange of socially accountable pattern so with Kate Stohr, a bard on urban problems and documentary producer, we co-founded the Architecture for Humanity. The rest is history.
How do you prioritize what problems and locations need the many help?
We must be asked. We do not levy our solutions or ideas on a residents it starts with developing a burly relationship. This means partnering with a burly residents group, the prospective of appropriation in place and a request by the residents to upgrade the building standards. Due to the scale of our group we still we have to say no to 60 percent of the requests.
Once we’ve committed to a plan we start a residents led growth process. Our architects and designers do not fly in on week end trips, they live in the villages and towns from 9 to 18 months. They turn segment of the residents and start to comprehend the nuances of how to make the greatest effect with the bill they have. Recently we were asked to erect a array of schools in a nation rising out of a full of blood polite conflict. By listening to the residents we satisfied they didn’t need schools, they indispensable a college system, total with teachers, curriculum and trickery support. It was without doubt to our team that the initial thing that was indispensable was not a classroom but a lecturer training trickery and staff housing nearby existing remote schools.
Describe a short time in your work that defines because you do what you do.
To comprehend the effect of this short time you have to comprehend that I’m English. We lend towards to be stoic, I’m not even certain many of us have rip ducts. It was the jubilee of the Tsunami and we happened to be napping on the beach (no like hotels for us). we woke up early and finished up discussion a human in his ’60s sitting by the water. He began discussing and told how he mislaid 17 members of his family and it was just his daughter and his mom in law left. we asked him how was keeping up and he replied really quietly “we’re excellent but of all people, my mom in law?” We looked at any other and proposed laughing. Then is to next hour we drew in the sand how to erect a residence that enclosed mom in law buliding (separated but with shared kitchen and bathroom). At the end we got up and he threw his arms around me. He hugged me really parsimonious for roughly 10 minutes. we didn’t know what to do. Being English we just froze and stood there like a totem pole. In the uneasiness of the situation, we satisfied that for a entire year no a had really listened to this human and it was the elementary things that mattered.
With so ample bad going on in the world and do you keep people kind and segment of the conversation?
The world has always been going bad. The late 13th century sucked and the 15th wasn’t ample better. Guess what? We are the many volatile species on the planet. We tarry because we respond, we adjust and we find a way to persevere. It’s easy to be disastrous but to advance together and step up requires invariable confidence and realistic determination. There are no problems, there are opportunities that have nonetheless to be seized.
It’s not about checkbook giving, it’s about developing a discourse with your funders. People deposit in you because they believe in what you do and wish to be detached of the process. The many extraordinary group of donors we have right away are not large companies or celebrities but hundreds of subordinate college students who are raising allowance around — They are 50 percent of the way to reaching a 500,000 relating grant and segment of our undertaking is to bring them along the tour of rebuilding. Through video blogs, weekly diaries and links to ultimate drawings, our donors can turn an active segment of our team.
What was your evident greeting when the trembler happened a year ago and what was your evident plan of action?
Honesty we was pissed. Really pissed. We were already in Haiti and working to rise girl sports services that doubled as crisis comfort shelters in box of whirly or other innate disaster. We outlayed a year perplexing scratch together funding, attend to home reign and local ability problems — and we were as well late.
After 24 hours we knew we had to deed and we indispensable to go open really quickly. We usually rise an inner long-term reformation plan that acts as our guideline over the next 4 years. Communities do not need architects and engineers immediately, they need doctors and basic supplies. We’re the final responders but it was critical to have a plan in place and let people know we were committing to Haiti. we wrote my plan and instead of distributing it internally we put it on the Huffington Post and told people to rob it. Then we did precisely what we mentioned and hoped people would account us.
How have you seen things progress over the year?
Yes. This is our ninth post-disaster incident — and this is the worst. Everything is fighting against the rebuilding bid nonetheless local communities are still stepping up to the plate. Teachers are returning to improvise schools, tiny businesses are rising and people are investing in Haitian entrepreneurs instead of treating the trembler as a business as usual. There are tiny moments of feat that do not obtain reported. The gap of a birthing hospital built by tent held Haitians, constructional reinforcements done to a interloper stay that saved hundreds of lives and the impassioned calm of outrageous figures of people watchful for food and water. These are not ‘sexy’ stories but it’s the reality. Slow residents focused progress is improved than inexpensive media.
Describe the incident now, a year later.
Despite sharpening violence, diplomatic instability, little sanitation (leading to expansion of disease) and insufficient of rubble withdrawal we’ve laid great foundations. We are on step 7 of our 11 indicate plan. We are flourishing the ability of local professionals and reckoning ways to show off workforce whilst upgrading building standards. we am anxious by the insufficient of Haitian businesses being hired in the building work and we are anticipating that as many of the “big aid” organizations leave that supports will be channeled in to the mercantile bottom of the country.
If we can emanate a weather where Haitians can lead the review and work to one side general allies beneath a familiar objective then progress with pierce in an exponential manner. I’ve been exceedingly speedy by the request to figure out the mercantile sustainability indispensable to redeem and the need for clarity in aid.
Why is it critical to go on getting the word out about Haiti?
There are two ways to look at this. As an optimist, elucidate the worlds toughest problems right on your doorstep is an astounding opportunity, or as a hawk, you comprehend that when people have nothing to live for, they have all to die for. Either way we need to act.
What’s next after Haiti?
For us it doesn’t stop. We are staying in Haiti until we are redundant, that we guess to be other 3 years. Additionally, our teams are moreover working in 15 other countries, inclusive Chile, Pakistan and the United States. On Monday I’m running a seminar in Barcelona to rise and exercise residents services to head off fight in frail states and in a couple of weeks we will launch a couple of projects around the world and sinecure more folks. Yes, we are hiring.
What’s your ultimate objective with all of this?
To upgrade the living standards of everybody on the planet.
What inspires you to go on your work?
I have tens of thousands of people who enthuse me. They are our customers and our designers. Together they can make illusion happen.
Have you had any mentors or inspirations?
The two greatest influences in my life were Samuel Mockbee, who founded the Rural Studio in Alabama and my parents mother Kathleen. Both are no longer with us but we may consider their lives’ work at least once a week.
I’m heavily online and use amicable networks to communicate with supporters and designers around the world so we am really tender by @corybooker – He roughly creates me wish to obtain in to politics. Almost.
What’s your preferred sign or cite you live by?
Quote (from my mum): There is nothing worse than being all mouth and no trousers.
Motto: There is no room for egos or logos. [In 12 years Architecture for Humanity has not put their name on a building]
Originally posted on CBSNews.com.
The Inspired Nation is a weekly array profiling people varying the world and moving all of us to do the same.
According to a consult by the Chronicle of Philanthropy of 60 leading comfort organizations, usually 38 percent of that allowance has been outlayed to give liberation and rebuilding aid. One of the non-profits that has been on the belligerent is to past year is Architecture For Humanity .
Over the past 12 years, they have turn experts at literally rebuilding communities in need. On today’s “The Inspired Nation”, we speak to co-founder Cameron Sinclair about how he grew AFH to what it is today, the stream state of Haiti, what countries are still in need, and eventually what options there are for all of us to help too.
Lets initial speak about how Architecture for Humanity got proposed and what’s it all about:
Architecture for Humanity provides architectural and building services to communities in need. We’ve worked in 38 countries building schools, illness clinics, residents structures and low-income housing for those who have suffered from innate disasters or face systemic problems of poverty. We duct building skill and appropriation to significant projects that make a disparity locally. On the Gulf coastline we were entangled in the building and correct of over 700 homes and we are completing a array of girl sports services opposite sub-Saharan Africa. On a national level we have over 70 town formed chapters that attend to a operation of problems that add homelessness, open space and residents gardens.
I didn’t select this job, it chose me. we grew up in difficult neighborhoods in South and East London and even as a youngster was preoccupied by the way bad environments affected communities. Lack of respect, hostility and amicable disturbance was familiar and from this place an thought to turn an designer of change emerged. By the time we graduated this thought became my philosophy. we couldn’t find wherever to use this arrange of socially accountable pattern so with Kate Stohr, a bard on urban problems and documentary producer, we co-founded the Architecture for Humanity. The rest is history.
How do you prioritize what problems and locations need the many help?
We must be asked. We do not levy our solutions or ideas on a residents it starts with developing a burly relationship. This means partnering with a burly residents group, the prospective of appropriation in place and a request by the residents to upgrade the building standards. Due to the scale of our group we still we have to say no to 60 percent of the requests.
Once we’ve committed to a plan we start a residents led growth process. Our architects and designers do not fly in on week end trips, they live in the villages and towns from 9 to 18 months. They turn segment of the residents and start to comprehend the nuances of how to make the greatest effect with the bill they have. Recently we were asked to erect a array of schools in a nation rising out of a full of blood polite conflict. By listening to the residents we satisfied they didn’t need schools, they indispensable a college system, total with teachers, curriculum and trickery support. It was without doubt to our team that the initial thing that was indispensable was not a classroom but a lecturer training trickery and staff housing nearby existing remote schools.
Describe a short time in your work that defines because you do what you do.
To comprehend the effect of this short time you have to comprehend that I’m English. We lend towards to be stoic, I’m not even certain many of us have rip ducts. It was the jubilee of the Tsunami and we happened to be napping on the beach (no like hotels for us). we woke up early and finished up discussion a human in his ’60s sitting by the water. He began discussing and told how he mislaid 17 members of his family and it was just his daughter and his mom in law left. we asked him how was keeping up and he replied really quietly “we’re excellent but of all people, my mom in law?” We looked at any other and proposed laughing. Then is to next hour we drew in the sand how to erect a residence that enclosed mom in law buliding (separated but with shared kitchen and bathroom). At the end we got up and he threw his arms around me. He hugged me really parsimonious for roughly 10 minutes. we didn’t know what to do. Being English we just froze and stood there like a totem pole. In the uneasiness of the situation, we satisfied that for a entire year no a had really listened to this human and it was the elementary things that mattered.
With so ample bad going on in the world and do you keep people kind and segment of the conversation?
The world has always been going bad. The late 13th century sucked and the 15th wasn’t ample better. Guess what? We are the many volatile species on the planet. We tarry because we respond, we adjust and we find a way to persevere. It’s easy to be disastrous but to advance together and step up requires invariable confidence and realistic determination. There are no problems, there are opportunities that have nonetheless to be seized.
It’s not about checkbook giving, it’s about developing a discourse with your funders. People deposit in you because they believe in what you do and wish to be detached of the process. The many extraordinary group of donors we have right away are not large companies or celebrities but hundreds of subordinate college students who are raising allowance around — They are 50 percent of the way to reaching a 500,000 relating grant and segment of our undertaking is to bring them along the tour of rebuilding. Through video blogs, weekly diaries and links to ultimate drawings, our donors can turn an active segment of our team.
What was your evident greeting when the trembler happened a year ago and what was your evident plan of action?
Honesty we was pissed. Really pissed. We were already in Haiti and working to rise girl sports services that doubled as crisis comfort shelters in box of whirly or other innate disaster. We outlayed a year perplexing scratch together funding, attend to home reign and local ability problems — and we were as well late.
After 24 hours we knew we had to deed and we indispensable to go open really quickly. We usually rise an inner long-term reformation plan that acts as our guideline over the next 4 years. Communities do not need architects and engineers immediately, they need doctors and basic supplies. We’re the final responders but it was critical to have a plan in place and let people know we were committing to Haiti. we wrote my plan and instead of distributing it internally we put it on the Huffington Post and told people to rob it. Then we did precisely what we mentioned and hoped people would account us.
How have you seen things progress over the year?
Yes. This is our ninth post-disaster incident — and this is the worst. Everything is fighting against the rebuilding bid nonetheless local communities are still stepping up to the plate. Teachers are returning to improvise schools, tiny businesses are rising and people are investing in Haitian entrepreneurs instead of treating the trembler as a business as usual. There are tiny moments of feat that do not obtain reported. The gap of a birthing hospital built by tent held Haitians, constructional reinforcements done to a interloper stay that saved hundreds of lives and the impassioned calm of outrageous figures of people watchful for food and water. These are not ‘sexy’ stories but it’s the reality. Slow residents focused progress is improved than inexpensive media.
Describe the incident now, a year later.
Despite sharpening violence, diplomatic instability, little sanitation (leading to expansion of disease) and insufficient of rubble withdrawal we’ve laid great foundations. We are on step 7 of our 11 indicate plan. We are flourishing the ability of local professionals and reckoning ways to show off workforce whilst upgrading building standards. we am anxious by the insufficient of Haitian businesses being hired in the building work and we are anticipating that as many of the “big aid” organizations leave that supports will be channeled in to the mercantile bottom of the country.
If we can emanate a weather where Haitians can lead the review and work to one side general allies beneath a familiar objective then progress with pierce in an exponential manner. I’ve been exceedingly speedy by the request to figure out the mercantile sustainability indispensable to redeem and the need for clarity in aid.
Why is it critical to go on getting the word out about Haiti?
There are two ways to look at this. As an optimist, elucidate the worlds toughest problems right on your doorstep is an astounding opportunity, or as a hawk, you comprehend that when people have nothing to live for, they have all to die for. Either way we need to act.
What’s next after Haiti?
For us it doesn’t stop. We are staying in Haiti until we are redundant, that we guess to be other 3 years. Additionally, our teams are moreover working in 15 other countries, inclusive Chile, Pakistan and the United States. On Monday I’m running a seminar in Barcelona to rise and exercise residents services to head off fight in frail states and in a couple of weeks we will launch a couple of projects around the world and sinecure more folks. Yes, we are hiring.
What’s your ultimate objective with all of this?
To upgrade the living standards of everybody on the planet.
What inspires you to go on your work?
I have tens of thousands of people who enthuse me. They are our customers and our designers. Together they can make illusion happen.
Have you had any mentors or inspirations?
The two greatest influences in my life were Samuel Mockbee, who founded the Rural Studio in Alabama and my parents mother Kathleen. Both are no longer with us but we may consider their lives’ work at least once a week.
I’m heavily online and use amicable networks to communicate with supporters and designers around the world so we am really tender by @corybooker – He roughly creates me wish to obtain in to politics. Almost.
What’s your preferred sign or cite you live by?
Quote (from my mum): There is nothing worse than being all mouth and no trousers.
Motto: There is no room for egos or logos. [In 12 years Architecture for Humanity has not put their name on a building]
Originally posted on CBSNews.com.
The Inspired Nation is a weekly array profiling people varying the world and moving all of us to do the same.
Monument | Facts Related To Taj Mahal Tours
Taj Mahal located on the bank of stream Yamuna is the pitch of everlasting love. It is amid the paramount building of Mughals and is a of the Seven Wonders of the World. The radiant white marble relic is unforgettable.
Best time to Visit- nonetheless revisit to Agra may be completed any time but it is recommended not to revisit during impassioned summers and in stormy season. Winters are the most appropriate time to revisit Taj Mahal. Tour to Taj Mahal during the pleasing period and admire the scenic beauty of the monument.
Inside Taj Mahal- The Mughal Emperor combined the tabernacle so that considerable number of people can revisit the relic and see the explanation of the actual love, thus interior indispensable to be as splendid as the exterior. The interior is good forged and marbles flashy with beautiful patterns of inlaid changed stones are deliberate a masterwork of Mughal architecture.
Mosque- As per the laws of Muslims it is vital for any monolith to have a request place nearby it. Therefore, a mosque of red sandstone is built on the horse opera finish of the Taj Mahal, surmounted by 3 domes and flooring is completed with velvet red, sparkling, and awfully excellent material.
Taj Mahal Gateway- A outrageous red Sandstone embankment is the gateway to the monument, with fantastic architecture and tomb rooms. It looks similar to more of a building than a gate. It is flashy with floral pattern of changed stones and the white marble having Arabic Calligraphy from the Holy Quran.
Other Attractions- Apart from Taj Mahal in Agra you can moreover suffer the sightseeing of other chronological monuments namely, Agra Fort, Akbar’s Tomb, Fatehpur Sikri, Itmad-ud-Daulah Tomb etc.
How to Reach- Getting to the outstanding relic is not of regard as it is situated in north India, you can attain there by Rail, Air, or even by Road.
Best time to Visit- nonetheless revisit to Agra may be completed any time but it is recommended not to revisit during impassioned summers and in stormy season. Winters are the most appropriate time to revisit Taj Mahal. Tour to Taj Mahal during the pleasing period and admire the scenic beauty of the monument.
Inside Taj Mahal- The Mughal Emperor combined the tabernacle so that considerable number of people can revisit the relic and see the explanation of the actual love, thus interior indispensable to be as splendid as the exterior. The interior is good forged and marbles flashy with beautiful patterns of inlaid changed stones are deliberate a masterwork of Mughal architecture.
Mosque- As per the laws of Muslims it is vital for any monolith to have a request place nearby it. Therefore, a mosque of red sandstone is built on the horse opera finish of the Taj Mahal, surmounted by 3 domes and flooring is completed with velvet red, sparkling, and awfully excellent material.
Taj Mahal Gateway- A outrageous red Sandstone embankment is the gateway to the monument, with fantastic architecture and tomb rooms. It looks similar to more of a building than a gate. It is flashy with floral pattern of changed stones and the white marble having Arabic Calligraphy from the Holy Quran.
Other Attractions- Apart from Taj Mahal in Agra you can moreover suffer the sightseeing of other chronological monuments namely, Agra Fort, Akbar’s Tomb, Fatehpur Sikri, Itmad-ud-Daulah Tomb etc.
How to Reach- Getting to the outstanding relic is not of regard as it is situated in north India, you can attain there by Rail, Air, or even by Road.
2011年3月7日 星期一
Architects | 7 Exciting Facts About Solar Home Thermal Energy
You may not regard of home thermal appetite as interesting but believe me there are a few interesting things you should know about it. Being able to obtain light and feverishness appetite from our object and then being able to modify it in to various forms of appetite that you use daily, is exciting.
Thermal appetite is the appetite constructed when an object gets heated. There are many sources of this sort of appetite many of that are hoary fuels similar to coal, oil and innate gas that have traditionally been used. The complaint with these normal fuels is they have a paltry supply, they are dear to create and they have byproducts that are toxic to our environment.
Solar thermal appetite on the other palm is a technology that harnesses solar appetite for heat. It is washed and has no toxic byproducts. Now that is interesting at least to me.
Here are a few fun and interesting information about solar thermal appetite that I regard you not usually should know but you as well will obtain vehement about.
1) Did you know that the amount of sunlight that hits the earth in just one hour any and every day is sufficient to supply the complete world’s urge for appetite for one entire year? Isn’t that amazing? That means if you could implement the sun’s thermal appetite accurately you would have a bountiful supply of appetite to encounter our every need.
2) Point one is loyal even even though the suns complete appetite gets marked down by at least 25% by the time it gets to us. Then when the sun’s rays strike the earth they are decreased serve by the clouds, dirt and wickedness that are extensive in the air. That means that what at last reaches us is merely 1/4 of the suns real appetite potential.
3) We should all recollect this that plants use the suns appetite to make food for them to blossom and presence by photosynthesis.
4) Did you know that Sir Albert Einstein one of the world’s smartest group was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1921 for his radical work in production on solar thermal appetite and the breakthrough of the solar photovoltaic cell?
5) Did you know that in the Middle Ages many European farmers used a form of solar thermal appetite in their fields? Isn’t that astounding that people even then were utilizing the enormous power of the Sun?
6) Today architects are taught how to soak up and use the solar appetite when office building or remodeling a building. They are taught how to pattern a make up so that sunlight may be employed as a poignant source of feverishness is to building.
7) Even even though all that is loyal the solar panels you see commissioned everywhere, are usually able to modify on median about 15% of the suns light to electricity. The change is wasted.
That just means there is a lot of work nonetheless to do in this field. Nevertheless it does not meant that it is not inestimable to take value of solar home thermal appetite today. Yes tomorrow there will be something new created that will make it even more economically viable and more efficient. But currently it is still improved than the normal fuels for thermal appetite and is far improved is to environment.
After getting more information this I’m certain you do not find solar appetite tedious anymore!
Thermal appetite is the appetite constructed when an object gets heated. There are many sources of this sort of appetite many of that are hoary fuels similar to coal, oil and innate gas that have traditionally been used. The complaint with these normal fuels is they have a paltry supply, they are dear to create and they have byproducts that are toxic to our environment.
Solar thermal appetite on the other palm is a technology that harnesses solar appetite for heat. It is washed and has no toxic byproducts. Now that is interesting at least to me.
Here are a few fun and interesting information about solar thermal appetite that I regard you not usually should know but you as well will obtain vehement about.
1) Did you know that the amount of sunlight that hits the earth in just one hour any and every day is sufficient to supply the complete world’s urge for appetite for one entire year? Isn’t that amazing? That means if you could implement the sun’s thermal appetite accurately you would have a bountiful supply of appetite to encounter our every need.
2) Point one is loyal even even though the suns complete appetite gets marked down by at least 25% by the time it gets to us. Then when the sun’s rays strike the earth they are decreased serve by the clouds, dirt and wickedness that are extensive in the air. That means that what at last reaches us is merely 1/4 of the suns real appetite potential.
3) We should all recollect this that plants use the suns appetite to make food for them to blossom and presence by photosynthesis.
4) Did you know that Sir Albert Einstein one of the world’s smartest group was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1921 for his radical work in production on solar thermal appetite and the breakthrough of the solar photovoltaic cell?
5) Did you know that in the Middle Ages many European farmers used a form of solar thermal appetite in their fields? Isn’t that astounding that people even then were utilizing the enormous power of the Sun?
6) Today architects are taught how to soak up and use the solar appetite when office building or remodeling a building. They are taught how to pattern a make up so that sunlight may be employed as a poignant source of feverishness is to building.
7) Even even though all that is loyal the solar panels you see commissioned everywhere, are usually able to modify on median about 15% of the suns light to electricity. The change is wasted.
That just means there is a lot of work nonetheless to do in this field. Nevertheless it does not meant that it is not inestimable to take value of solar home thermal appetite today. Yes tomorrow there will be something new created that will make it even more economically viable and more efficient. But currently it is still improved than the normal fuels for thermal appetite and is far improved is to environment.
After getting more information this I’m certain you do not find solar appetite tedious anymore!
2011年3月6日 星期日
Architecture Schools | ‘Round Downtown: A Different Kind Of Parking Garage
The vigilant is to sound pompous. we shall verbalise “of” parking garages. Am we already sounding similar to an aging selfish educational lecturing to somnolent students in an overheated classroom with windows that will not open?
Gotcha.
Have you ever seen a flattering parking garage? Have you ever even seen a that is engaging in a few unusual way? Have you ever longed for to willingly longed for to outlay time in a parking garage?
“Oh, darling!” coos excited spouse. “I wish to go to the new parking garage in Portsmouth and cling to out, OK? Please!”
Not likely. Most people (dare we consternation that gender takes the record?) would rsther than expostulate around for a day or two in hunting of the best parking mark rsther than than lift in to a parking garage and be completed with it. Far quicker this way. The fun can begin. But, but, but … the parking garage has a naggy word frequently trustworthy to it: ordeal.
Add to the “ordeal” aspect that it does not ease the eyes or trigger the senses. To be fair, having been in considerably a few parking garages in leading cities, the High-Hanover garage is not far compared to a few of the loyal parking garage horrors of the world. Atlanta? Houston? My thought of automobile hell.
It appears expected from shut getting more information of the journal stories on parking that we may only have a new parking garage at the Worth Lot. Good-by Whaling Wall. Hello new opportunities, right? Let us hope so. we will even do a few non-believer dancing to publicize a flattering and viable parking garage.
For as well long, it seemed helpless that this nation could pattern and erect a pleasing (even lively) parking garage. Enter the splendid designer Frank Gehry. While not a air blower of all of his buildings, we jumped with happiness when we saw and read about his new parking garage in Miami Beach. Go on. Google Frank Gehry parking garage in Miami. Now grin. Now consternation … can’t we do something similar to this in Portsmouth?
Portsmouth is remarkable for being a town staunch to the arts. Portsmouth is a destination. As of now, far as well ample of the new buildings in this town look in few instances the same. It is evidently time for a new draw close and a new architect(s). Do we wish to be a one-architect town where oneness equals dullness and monotony. No!
Frank Gehry’s parking garage is a destination. Organizations wish to lease it for special occasions. Runners use the steps to exercise. Open air, people. Reduce the CO monoxide fumes. Concerts are hold here, too. It is masterwork of dainty pattern that, many fantastically, moreover functions. How cold is this?
Ergo, Portsmouth chums, we could do this. Granted, we can’t means a Frank Gehry, but we right away have the chance to make a parking garage that people will wish to use. Can’t means a fancy architect, complain grumble. Want to use the same architects we always use, drivel mumble.
No way. Hold a competition. Architecture schools admire these. Send out the mandate to schools all over the world. Put together a row and then a winner. It won’t cost a fortune. we gamble it would cost reduction than employing the same ole, same ole architect(s). You would obtain a few gorgeous plans.
Oh sure, the Worth Lot does not offer the breathtaking views that Gehry’s Miami garage offers, but it has potential. It may be as immature as a garish St. Patrick’s Day foil hat. Reward the who expostulate and float the many fuel effective vehicles. Bicyclists obtain honour of place. Small cars on the belligerent level. Put the hulk gas guzzlers on top.
Consider parking areas in the garage that hold the same size cars so that an appetite effective tiny automobile does not have to risk life and prong to lift out of the space when sandwiched between two outrageous vehicles.
When we lived in Philadelphia, a of the really bad-looking parking garages 3 was nearby or on the campus of Drexel University. we do not recollect that exactly. On week end nights (and a few Sunday afternoons), the tip turn (open air) was used for concerts and humanities festival. How great an thought was this? You could see the stars. We listened deafening grunge song (it was that era) and the sound uneasy NO ONE. It was safe. It was well-lit. It had washed bathrooms.
The tip building of the new parking garage could have the same options. An outside unison on tip of the garage could and would be a wonderful new venue and money-making, too. The sound reason would be non-existent. No residential problems. The sounds would go up and over the sky. Fun! And how about art shows? Craft and food fairs?
All time there is an eventuality in the city, a few people complain about road closures. By gift the tip turn for infrequent venues, there would not have to be any road closures. There would be parking underneath. Isn’t this a great idea?
Good air, great lighting, well-designed bathrooms and art. Art is key. Whimsy is key. Who mentioned a parking garage has to be a coffin for cars? Who? Colors, murals, equivalent exhibits. No skepticism many of the users of the new parking garage would be streamer to the Music Hall. Well, this is a flattering targeted marketplace for a pleasing parking garage, wouldn’t you say?
Little, disastrous and fussy voices are perplexing to obtain inside my head. Can’t be done. Is this lady crazy? No, but we am a dreamer. we exclude to comprehend because a parking garage has to be a thing of ugliness. Frank Gehry has valid instead in this country. Both Berlin, Germany and Vienna, Austria have combined a few rsther than extravagant parking garages. Why can’t Portsmouth do the same thing?
Let us hope. A parking garage does not have to be block ugly.
I’m moreover a bit sap of red brick. Keep that on the new buildings of the Northern Tier. Stucco, anyone?
Toby Hatchett may be reached at tobyhatchet@comcast.net
Gotcha.
Have you ever seen a flattering parking garage? Have you ever even seen a that is engaging in a few unusual way? Have you ever longed for to willingly longed for to outlay time in a parking garage?
“Oh, darling!” coos excited spouse. “I wish to go to the new parking garage in Portsmouth and cling to out, OK? Please!”
Not likely. Most people (dare we consternation that gender takes the record?) would rsther than expostulate around for a day or two in hunting of the best parking mark rsther than than lift in to a parking garage and be completed with it. Far quicker this way. The fun can begin. But, but, but … the parking garage has a naggy word frequently trustworthy to it: ordeal.
Add to the “ordeal” aspect that it does not ease the eyes or trigger the senses. To be fair, having been in considerably a few parking garages in leading cities, the High-Hanover garage is not far compared to a few of the loyal parking garage horrors of the world. Atlanta? Houston? My thought of automobile hell.
It appears expected from shut getting more information of the journal stories on parking that we may only have a new parking garage at the Worth Lot. Good-by Whaling Wall. Hello new opportunities, right? Let us hope so. we will even do a few non-believer dancing to publicize a flattering and viable parking garage.
For as well long, it seemed helpless that this nation could pattern and erect a pleasing (even lively) parking garage. Enter the splendid designer Frank Gehry. While not a air blower of all of his buildings, we jumped with happiness when we saw and read about his new parking garage in Miami Beach. Go on. Google Frank Gehry parking garage in Miami. Now grin. Now consternation … can’t we do something similar to this in Portsmouth?
Portsmouth is remarkable for being a town staunch to the arts. Portsmouth is a destination. As of now, far as well ample of the new buildings in this town look in few instances the same. It is evidently time for a new draw close and a new architect(s). Do we wish to be a one-architect town where oneness equals dullness and monotony. No!
Frank Gehry’s parking garage is a destination. Organizations wish to lease it for special occasions. Runners use the steps to exercise. Open air, people. Reduce the CO monoxide fumes. Concerts are hold here, too. It is masterwork of dainty pattern that, many fantastically, moreover functions. How cold is this?
Ergo, Portsmouth chums, we could do this. Granted, we can’t means a Frank Gehry, but we right away have the chance to make a parking garage that people will wish to use. Can’t means a fancy architect, complain grumble. Want to use the same architects we always use, drivel mumble.
No way. Hold a competition. Architecture schools admire these. Send out the mandate to schools all over the world. Put together a row and then a winner. It won’t cost a fortune. we gamble it would cost reduction than employing the same ole, same ole architect(s). You would obtain a few gorgeous plans.
Oh sure, the Worth Lot does not offer the breathtaking views that Gehry’s Miami garage offers, but it has potential. It may be as immature as a garish St. Patrick’s Day foil hat. Reward the who expostulate and float the many fuel effective vehicles. Bicyclists obtain honour of place. Small cars on the belligerent level. Put the hulk gas guzzlers on top.
Consider parking areas in the garage that hold the same size cars so that an appetite effective tiny automobile does not have to risk life and prong to lift out of the space when sandwiched between two outrageous vehicles.
When we lived in Philadelphia, a of the really bad-looking parking garages 3 was nearby or on the campus of Drexel University. we do not recollect that exactly. On week end nights (and a few Sunday afternoons), the tip turn (open air) was used for concerts and humanities festival. How great an thought was this? You could see the stars. We listened deafening grunge song (it was that era) and the sound uneasy NO ONE. It was safe. It was well-lit. It had washed bathrooms.
The tip building of the new parking garage could have the same options. An outside unison on tip of the garage could and would be a wonderful new venue and money-making, too. The sound reason would be non-existent. No residential problems. The sounds would go up and over the sky. Fun! And how about art shows? Craft and food fairs?
All time there is an eventuality in the city, a few people complain about road closures. By gift the tip turn for infrequent venues, there would not have to be any road closures. There would be parking underneath. Isn’t this a great idea?
Good air, great lighting, well-designed bathrooms and art. Art is key. Whimsy is key. Who mentioned a parking garage has to be a coffin for cars? Who? Colors, murals, equivalent exhibits. No skepticism many of the users of the new parking garage would be streamer to the Music Hall. Well, this is a flattering targeted marketplace for a pleasing parking garage, wouldn’t you say?
Little, disastrous and fussy voices are perplexing to obtain inside my head. Can’t be done. Is this lady crazy? No, but we am a dreamer. we exclude to comprehend because a parking garage has to be a thing of ugliness. Frank Gehry has valid instead in this country. Both Berlin, Germany and Vienna, Austria have combined a few rsther than extravagant parking garages. Why can’t Portsmouth do the same thing?
Let us hope. A parking garage does not have to be block ugly.
I’m moreover a bit sap of red brick. Keep that on the new buildings of the Northern Tier. Stucco, anyone?
Toby Hatchett may be reached at tobyhatchet@comcast.net
2011年3月5日 星期六
Architecture Design | County Begins Planning For New Campus
Rocky View County has taken the next step towards building of its new metropolitan campus.
Councillors voted unanimously, Mar 1, to pointer a $600,000 stipulate with Kasian Architecture, Design and Planning Limited for a rough design and bill is to project.
“This has been a longtime forthcoming and you have a concrete need for it,” mentioned Division 6 Councillor Greg Boehlke.
The evaluation will be saved by a provincial give already in place.
There are two principal buildings, inclusive an administration department centre and an infrastructure and operations facility, draft is to campus, that will be located on County-owned home easterly of Balzac.
Kasian Architecture, that has a resume that includes high profile, appetite effective projects such as the Alberta Children’s Hospital and the Calgary Courts Centre, was selected from 20 bidders.
The rough design is approaching to be finished by the summer, when legislature will be presented with the information.
According to Julie Verch, Rocky View’s communications assistant, notwithstanding enchanting in this contract, there is no pledge the campus will be built.
“After this rough planning, the County will have the data they need on how, or if, they wish to move forward with the project,” mentioned Verch.
“We are not thankful to go serve with this plan if you select not to.”
Councillors voted unanimously, Mar 1, to pointer a $600,000 stipulate with Kasian Architecture, Design and Planning Limited for a rough design and bill is to project.
“This has been a longtime forthcoming and you have a concrete need for it,” mentioned Division 6 Councillor Greg Boehlke.
The evaluation will be saved by a provincial give already in place.
There are two principal buildings, inclusive an administration department centre and an infrastructure and operations facility, draft is to campus, that will be located on County-owned home easterly of Balzac.
Kasian Architecture, that has a resume that includes high profile, appetite effective projects such as the Alberta Children’s Hospital and the Calgary Courts Centre, was selected from 20 bidders.
The rough design is approaching to be finished by the summer, when legislature will be presented with the information.
According to Julie Verch, Rocky View’s communications assistant, notwithstanding enchanting in this contract, there is no pledge the campus will be built.
“After this rough planning, the County will have the data they need on how, or if, they wish to move forward with the project,” mentioned Verch.
“We are not thankful to go serve with this plan if you select not to.”
2011年3月4日 星期五
Monument | Barcelona – A Several Destinations You Ought To Go To!
Barcelona will be the 2nd greatest town in Spain and it’s located at the northeastern segment of Mediterranean coastline of Iberian Peninsula. Spain is moreover a funds of zone called Catalonia. Catalan and Castilian Spanish are two authorized languages of oral in Barcelona. Barcelona is unequivocally a town of Picasso and Miro and it is moreover a home of parks and gardens, beaches and galleries and museums cultured places to eat, a outing to Barcelona may be a tour of discovery. Barcelona is a very dazzling town and moreover deemed as a multicultural town of Spain.
Listed next are a few locations that are unequivocally value to visit:
.The iron relic of Christopher Columbus an confirmation to a Navigator detected of America.
.The Cathedral of Barcelona that is a wonderful example medieval design requires you back in 14th century. The building of cathedral took around 150 years. It spires of cathedral can simply be celebrated sort the Gothic entertain of Barcelona. The medieval arches are so dazzling sculptured. The bell towers of cathedral covered in Gothic pinnacles.
.Barcelona well understands highway is La Ramble situated inside the centre of Barcelona and it unequivocally is well well known in caller and in locals too. Discos, restaurants, pubs, cafes, selling and many a lot more provides are their.
.The Transbordador Aeri del may be a line vehicle float that starts from Barcelona goes to Montjuic. The 5 mins tour provides an confront of extraordinary views of Barcelona architecture. This specific float is unquestionably an exceedingly renouned particularly in tourists.
.One of a unequivocally in vogue playing field of Barcelona is Park Guell. It unequivocally is exceedingly in vogue playing field located at mountain of el Carmel. This playing field was written in 1900-1914. The playing field contains mill structures, multicolored sculptures and captivating buildings.
.The Initial Monday of every month many art galleries and museums opens are giveaway of assign for entry. It includes Picasso Museum, Museu Nacional Art de Catalunya, the Museu Historia de Catalunya, and moreover the Organic History Museum. The Maritime Museum offers a giveaway foyer on Saturdays.
.Montjuic mountain is the largest mountain of south of Barcelona. Many parks, gardens, structures are there for sights of visitors and visitors.
. The Caixa Forum may be a giveaway of assign art art studio with permanent and on vacation events.The Gallery is in a dazzling formulating that includes a coffee shop club and square with an a very great view. All one can attain this place simply by receiving a metro tour train or cab from Placa Espanya.
Beaches
The top appeal for vacationer is Barcelona beache that keeps their high fascination globally, particularly inside the summer time when folks wish to obtain cold down. The competent supply of toilets with completely giveaway showers, concurrently safety is moreover in a concentration for these beaches. Life ensure stations are any and every handful of meters along the shore. The dwindle module is there to show the safety for H2O swimming. The beach suppliers are there for compelling snakes and coconuts inclusive drink and Coke. The food materials is washed together with sells on low prices.
Barcelona is a very renouned town with its strong worldwide reputation, as a town of culture. It’s a great town to discover.
Listed next are a few locations that are unequivocally value to visit:
.The iron relic of Christopher Columbus an confirmation to a Navigator detected of America.
.The Cathedral of Barcelona that is a wonderful example medieval design requires you back in 14th century. The building of cathedral took around 150 years. It spires of cathedral can simply be celebrated sort the Gothic entertain of Barcelona. The medieval arches are so dazzling sculptured. The bell towers of cathedral covered in Gothic pinnacles.
.Barcelona well understands highway is La Ramble situated inside the centre of Barcelona and it unequivocally is well well known in caller and in locals too. Discos, restaurants, pubs, cafes, selling and many a lot more provides are their.
.The Transbordador Aeri del may be a line vehicle float that starts from Barcelona goes to Montjuic. The 5 mins tour provides an confront of extraordinary views of Barcelona architecture. This specific float is unquestionably an exceedingly renouned particularly in tourists.
.One of a unequivocally in vogue playing field of Barcelona is Park Guell. It unequivocally is exceedingly in vogue playing field located at mountain of el Carmel. This playing field was written in 1900-1914. The playing field contains mill structures, multicolored sculptures and captivating buildings.
.The Initial Monday of every month many art galleries and museums opens are giveaway of assign for entry. It includes Picasso Museum, Museu Nacional Art de Catalunya, the Museu Historia de Catalunya, and moreover the Organic History Museum. The Maritime Museum offers a giveaway foyer on Saturdays.
.Montjuic mountain is the largest mountain of south of Barcelona. Many parks, gardens, structures are there for sights of visitors and visitors.
. The Caixa Forum may be a giveaway of assign art art studio with permanent and on vacation events.The Gallery is in a dazzling formulating that includes a coffee shop club and square with an a very great view. All one can attain this place simply by receiving a metro tour train or cab from Placa Espanya.
Beaches
The top appeal for vacationer is Barcelona beache that keeps their high fascination globally, particularly inside the summer time when folks wish to obtain cold down. The competent supply of toilets with completely giveaway showers, concurrently safety is moreover in a concentration for these beaches. Life ensure stations are any and every handful of meters along the shore. The dwindle module is there to show the safety for H2O swimming. The beach suppliers are there for compelling snakes and coconuts inclusive drink and Coke. The food materials is washed together with sells on low prices.
Barcelona is a very renouned town with its strong worldwide reputation, as a town of culture. It’s a great town to discover.
2011年3月3日 星期四
Renaissance Architecture
The Renaissance was the "new birth of learning" that arrived in Europe about fivehundred years ago. The Renaissance did not bring any new ideas in architecture, but it encouraged study of the classical styles of Greece and Rome, and this made architectural design better. modern architecture. Until fifty or seventy-five years ago, the only developments in architecture for hundreds of years had been in design. About two hundred years ago, Robert Adam designed the simple, plain-fronted city house that he first built in London, England, and that was copied in cities throughout Europe and America. In the same period was developed the American "colonial" house seen not only throughout New England but all over the country, and the "southern mansion with its high wooden pillars or columns.
Nearly all houses were the same in construction, with a strong foundation wall of stone or brick, beams (often the trunks of big trees) laid across these walls, and the house built on them. Space was found by building upward-always two or three stories, and often four or five stories. Great public buildings were decorated lavishly, in styles called baroque and rococo. Houses came to have frills and ornaments all over them, and tiny spires and domes wherever the architect could find place for them. We call these decorations "gingerbread" now, and do not think they are very pretty.
The real modern age in architecture began about seventy-five years ago. Two things made it possible: the strength of concrete reinforced with steel, with which giant skyscrapers could be built; and the elevator, which allowed the skyscraper to be used conveniently. With these developments, architects began to build the great skyscrapers, the office buildings and apartment houses and hotels, that we know today. They were still influenced by old ideas of design. The Woolworth Building, completed in 1913, is quite fancy. The big buildings of Rockefeller Center, by comparison, are very plain.
Even newer buildings-the United Nations and Lever Brothers buildings in New York, for instance-are straight-sided, boxlike forms on which most of the outer surface is glass, not stone or brick as in older buildings. Churches, too, have changed slowly in design. Nearly all of them have continued to follow the needs of older times, when high steeples were needed so that the townfolk could hear the bells ring. Today, with loudspeakers, the steeples are not needed, and modern architects recognize this. Some of the latest places of worship are low, graceful buildings far different from the severe ones of the past. The houses in which people live are changing in the same way. Whenever possible, the architect builds the entire house on one floor, so there will be no stairs to climb. The "ranch house," which has only one story and rambles all over the property, has become a rather popular design.
Nearly all houses were the same in construction, with a strong foundation wall of stone or brick, beams (often the trunks of big trees) laid across these walls, and the house built on them. Space was found by building upward-always two or three stories, and often four or five stories. Great public buildings were decorated lavishly, in styles called baroque and rococo. Houses came to have frills and ornaments all over them, and tiny spires and domes wherever the architect could find place for them. We call these decorations "gingerbread" now, and do not think they are very pretty.
The real modern age in architecture began about seventy-five years ago. Two things made it possible: the strength of concrete reinforced with steel, with which giant skyscrapers could be built; and the elevator, which allowed the skyscraper to be used conveniently. With these developments, architects began to build the great skyscrapers, the office buildings and apartment houses and hotels, that we know today. They were still influenced by old ideas of design. The Woolworth Building, completed in 1913, is quite fancy. The big buildings of Rockefeller Center, by comparison, are very plain.
Even newer buildings-the United Nations and Lever Brothers buildings in New York, for instance-are straight-sided, boxlike forms on which most of the outer surface is glass, not stone or brick as in older buildings. Churches, too, have changed slowly in design. Nearly all of them have continued to follow the needs of older times, when high steeples were needed so that the townfolk could hear the bells ring. Today, with loudspeakers, the steeples are not needed, and modern architects recognize this. Some of the latest places of worship are low, graceful buildings far different from the severe ones of the past. The houses in which people live are changing in the same way. Whenever possible, the architect builds the entire house on one floor, so there will be no stairs to climb. The "ranch house," which has only one story and rambles all over the property, has become a rather popular design.
2011年3月2日 星期三
Ancient Japanese Architecture
As a testament to the quality of ancient Japanese architecture, the oldest surviving wooden structures in the world are located in Nara, Japan. Of the 41 buildings constructed during the Asuka period (538-710 A.D.) the most well-known are the Kondo (Golden Hall) and Goju-no-to (Five story Pagoda). These were constructed as a private temple for the Prince Shotoku, a regent and politician in the Asuka period.
Another well known archaeological site from ancient Japan is the Todaiji in Nara prefecture, Japan. The Todaiji was built to function as the headquarters for regional temples built in surrounding provinces. The Todaiji's main building is the Daibutsuden (Great Buddha Hall) and is the largest wooden building in the world. Inside the Daibutsuden a 16.2m tall Buddha is enshrined. The current statue of the Buddha was built during the Edo period (1603-1868) and only a few fragments of the original remain.
Buddhist Pagoda's in ancient Japan all shared similar characteristics. The wooden walls were thin and vertical. The structures had multiple stories supported by columns made from cypress trees. Thatched roofs were common as well as large doors and windows strategically placed for the best viewing of external gardens or other natural scenery.
Although Buddhism teaches impermanence, Shinto places importance on purity and youth. For this reason many Shinto shrines in Japan are rebuilt every 20 years, often at great expense, to keep them forever new and also forever ancient in their original form. The Ise shrine in Mie, Japan was rebuilt in 1993 and is on its 61st iteration. It is scheduled to be rebuilt in 2013.
The ancient Japanese may not have had access to suitable stone for building, but they were able to build long-lasting structures using wood. Although many famous castles and other well known historical buildings were destroyed by fire in Japan's history, there are many which are still standing today.
Another well known archaeological site from ancient Japan is the Todaiji in Nara prefecture, Japan. The Todaiji was built to function as the headquarters for regional temples built in surrounding provinces. The Todaiji's main building is the Daibutsuden (Great Buddha Hall) and is the largest wooden building in the world. Inside the Daibutsuden a 16.2m tall Buddha is enshrined. The current statue of the Buddha was built during the Edo period (1603-1868) and only a few fragments of the original remain.
Buddhist Pagoda's in ancient Japan all shared similar characteristics. The wooden walls were thin and vertical. The structures had multiple stories supported by columns made from cypress trees. Thatched roofs were common as well as large doors and windows strategically placed for the best viewing of external gardens or other natural scenery.
Although Buddhism teaches impermanence, Shinto places importance on purity and youth. For this reason many Shinto shrines in Japan are rebuilt every 20 years, often at great expense, to keep them forever new and also forever ancient in their original form. The Ise shrine in Mie, Japan was rebuilt in 1993 and is on its 61st iteration. It is scheduled to be rebuilt in 2013.
The ancient Japanese may not have had access to suitable stone for building, but they were able to build long-lasting structures using wood. Although many famous castles and other well known historical buildings were destroyed by fire in Japan's history, there are many which are still standing today.
American Architecture
To limit modern architecture to that which seems to embody what are called modernistic tendencies would be not only foolish, but arrogant. The architecture which to-day is regarded as unprogressive, a generation from now may be in the van, and no man, be he layman, critic, or designer, can pass an infallible judgment, or even make a good guess, as to what is to be the architecture of the future. Modern American architecture is the American architecture of today.
The mechanical fallacy, or, if we approve it, the mechanical theory, has loomed large in the criticism of modern American architecture. The analogies, most of them superficial, between Gothic architecture and steel construction made it inevitable. Almost as soon as the first timid attempts in the "Chicago construction" appeared, critics at home and abroad began insisting upon the desirability of the design revealing in the skyscraper the system of construction which made it possible.
The history of American architecture is dotted with disasters in polychromatic design. Happily, this difficulty is being recognized and met. The great monuments of color in the past, like Raphael's loggia or Pintoricchio's decorations for the Borgia Apartments, are being studied as such monuments should be studied--not for imitation, but as successful solutions of a problem--and a few monuments of American architecture have just appeared which can compare, in the matter of successful color, with anything that has been done in the past.
A brief sketch, therefore, of the development of American architecture, with especial reference to that side of it which affects modern design, is the necessary prelude to any discussion of the types of buildings, or the tendencies of architecture to-day. The traditions of American architecture date back to the earliest Colonial period. Colonial architecture varied widely, however, period by period, and was influential more in its later phases than its earlier.
The mechanical fallacy, or, if we approve it, the mechanical theory, has loomed large in the criticism of modern American architecture. The analogies, most of them superficial, between Gothic architecture and steel construction made it inevitable. Almost as soon as the first timid attempts in the "Chicago construction" appeared, critics at home and abroad began insisting upon the desirability of the design revealing in the skyscraper the system of construction which made it possible.
The history of American architecture is dotted with disasters in polychromatic design. Happily, this difficulty is being recognized and met. The great monuments of color in the past, like Raphael's loggia or Pintoricchio's decorations for the Borgia Apartments, are being studied as such monuments should be studied--not for imitation, but as successful solutions of a problem--and a few monuments of American architecture have just appeared which can compare, in the matter of successful color, with anything that has been done in the past.
A brief sketch, therefore, of the development of American architecture, with especial reference to that side of it which affects modern design, is the necessary prelude to any discussion of the types of buildings, or the tendencies of architecture to-day. The traditions of American architecture date back to the earliest Colonial period. Colonial architecture varied widely, however, period by period, and was influential more in its later phases than its earlier.
Naval Architecture
Naval architecture is the design and engineering of marine vessels. These vessels include not only government navy ships and submarines, but leisure boats such as yachts. Naval architecture is hardly a new discipline, since it technically began during ancient navigational times. Viking ships and American steamboats are both historical examples of naval architecture. Today, naval architecture is more of an engineering science since architects rely on mathematics to design new naval vessels.
When constructing naval vessels, naval architects study the science of fluids. They study buoyancy, displacement of water, waves, stability, and streamlining. As concerns the naval structure, they study its weight distribution, resistance, and maneuverability. Their studies also include naval construction materials and interior components, along with dry-docking and launching operations. Yet, no matter how much work architects put into research, all naval structures operate in unstable marine environments. Even the most structurally sound ships may become damaged or sink due to storms, tsunamis, and other environmental calamities.
Even in antiquity, naval architects recognized that streamlining their ships made for a smoother course at sea. At some point in time, architects used the adjective "fair" to describe a vessel's regular, fluid shape from its fore to aft. The opposite of a "fair" shape was a "bulky" or "ungainly" shape. Today, all naval vessels have the same basic shape, even extremely large aircraft carriers.
When designing ships, naval architects first provide a safe foundation through the ship's hull. The hull is the specially curved bottom of the ship. The hull's basic purpose is to supply buoyancy to the ship so it safely floats on water. Its elongated shape, with the pointed ends of the bow and stern, protects the ship against sinking, since the shape distributes weight evenly throughout the vessel. The hull is by far the most essential component of naval architecture.
When designing hulls, architects check for several requirements. First, they check that the hull can displace water effectively, which means that the boat displaces an amount of water equal to the boat's weight. This gives the vessel greater efficiency and stability. Architects also check that the hull is as streamlined as possible so it causes minimal resistance to the water, which produces fewer ship-rocking waves. Checking for resistance is especially important for ships that operate at high speeds, such as speedboats and military ships. Lastly, architects make sure that their ships heed buoyancy and gravity principles, the most prominent of which is Archimedes' Principle of Buoyancy.
When designing the hull, architects ensure that the shape of the hull fits the ship's purpose. For instance, a round hull is efficient and stable, though it is not ideal for high speeds. In contrast, the deep-V hull performs well at high speeds because it "slices" through even choppy waters.
Besides the hull, naval architects design operating features atop the hull. These may include sails, steering mechanisms, propellers, engines, and the like. They may also install double-containment facilities to ensure the ship's cargo, such as oil, does not leak into the water. Some naval architects pay special attention to the ship's safety features, such as fire escapes, lifeboats, and storm shelters. Moreover, they troubleshoot problems related to rust, material degradation, and environmental hazards.
Architects who want to specialize in naval architecture have a wide selection of educational options. First, they may attend government schools such as the US Coast Guard Academy or the US Naval Academy, where they can gain premium understanding of military vessels. They may also choose from several universities that offer courses of study in naval architecture or marine engineering. These universities include the University of California-Berkeley and Massachusetts Institute of Technology. It is recommended that students attend such schools because naval architecture demands extremely specialized knowledge. Other students can earn certificates in marine engineering technology from technical colleges.
Many naval-architecture students take internships throughout college to give them an edge at architectural entry-level jobs. These internships also help them narrow down what specialization of naval architecture suits them. They often work as interns at architecture firms or shipyards where they learn computer-aided design (CAD), which is essential to naval architecture. More and more entry-level naval architects work at architecture design services firms that consult other businesses.
Learning CAD is absolutely necessary for entry-level employment because almost all naval architects use it day-to-day. In naval architecture, CAD takes into account Archimedes' Principle and other naval equations that go a long way to provide naval stability. Therefore, it is required that naval architects gain significant CAD experience before applying to jobs after graduation. The most widely used CAD software for naval architecture is AutoCAD.
Since ships are still the main mode of import-export transportation, there are a fair number of entry-level naval jobs in architecture. Some entry-level jobs are not full-time but contracting or consulting jobs are more common for seasoned professionals. Most entry-level architects work at shipyards or architectural/engineering firms as architects' assistants. They earn average incomes of $50,000 per year.
Naval architects who have worked for five years or more may advance to managerial or consulting jobs. Many of them also opt for self-employment if they have solid track records. Some naval architects may also choose to gain master's degrees in naval architecture or marine engineering. They may also join naval-architecture professional associations, like the Society of Naval Architects & Marine Engineers, to further their education. Yet, substantial marine engineering experience tends to boost advancement prospects the most. These associate architects earn about $77,000 after five years, then perhaps $90,000 after 10 or more years.
When constructing naval vessels, naval architects study the science of fluids. They study buoyancy, displacement of water, waves, stability, and streamlining. As concerns the naval structure, they study its weight distribution, resistance, and maneuverability. Their studies also include naval construction materials and interior components, along with dry-docking and launching operations. Yet, no matter how much work architects put into research, all naval structures operate in unstable marine environments. Even the most structurally sound ships may become damaged or sink due to storms, tsunamis, and other environmental calamities.
Even in antiquity, naval architects recognized that streamlining their ships made for a smoother course at sea. At some point in time, architects used the adjective "fair" to describe a vessel's regular, fluid shape from its fore to aft. The opposite of a "fair" shape was a "bulky" or "ungainly" shape. Today, all naval vessels have the same basic shape, even extremely large aircraft carriers.
When designing ships, naval architects first provide a safe foundation through the ship's hull. The hull is the specially curved bottom of the ship. The hull's basic purpose is to supply buoyancy to the ship so it safely floats on water. Its elongated shape, with the pointed ends of the bow and stern, protects the ship against sinking, since the shape distributes weight evenly throughout the vessel. The hull is by far the most essential component of naval architecture.
When designing hulls, architects check for several requirements. First, they check that the hull can displace water effectively, which means that the boat displaces an amount of water equal to the boat's weight. This gives the vessel greater efficiency and stability. Architects also check that the hull is as streamlined as possible so it causes minimal resistance to the water, which produces fewer ship-rocking waves. Checking for resistance is especially important for ships that operate at high speeds, such as speedboats and military ships. Lastly, architects make sure that their ships heed buoyancy and gravity principles, the most prominent of which is Archimedes' Principle of Buoyancy.
When designing the hull, architects ensure that the shape of the hull fits the ship's purpose. For instance, a round hull is efficient and stable, though it is not ideal for high speeds. In contrast, the deep-V hull performs well at high speeds because it "slices" through even choppy waters.
Besides the hull, naval architects design operating features atop the hull. These may include sails, steering mechanisms, propellers, engines, and the like. They may also install double-containment facilities to ensure the ship's cargo, such as oil, does not leak into the water. Some naval architects pay special attention to the ship's safety features, such as fire escapes, lifeboats, and storm shelters. Moreover, they troubleshoot problems related to rust, material degradation, and environmental hazards.
Architects who want to specialize in naval architecture have a wide selection of educational options. First, they may attend government schools such as the US Coast Guard Academy or the US Naval Academy, where they can gain premium understanding of military vessels. They may also choose from several universities that offer courses of study in naval architecture or marine engineering. These universities include the University of California-Berkeley and Massachusetts Institute of Technology. It is recommended that students attend such schools because naval architecture demands extremely specialized knowledge. Other students can earn certificates in marine engineering technology from technical colleges.
Many naval-architecture students take internships throughout college to give them an edge at architectural entry-level jobs. These internships also help them narrow down what specialization of naval architecture suits them. They often work as interns at architecture firms or shipyards where they learn computer-aided design (CAD), which is essential to naval architecture. More and more entry-level naval architects work at architecture design services firms that consult other businesses.
Learning CAD is absolutely necessary for entry-level employment because almost all naval architects use it day-to-day. In naval architecture, CAD takes into account Archimedes' Principle and other naval equations that go a long way to provide naval stability. Therefore, it is required that naval architects gain significant CAD experience before applying to jobs after graduation. The most widely used CAD software for naval architecture is AutoCAD.
Since ships are still the main mode of import-export transportation, there are a fair number of entry-level naval jobs in architecture. Some entry-level jobs are not full-time but contracting or consulting jobs are more common for seasoned professionals. Most entry-level architects work at shipyards or architectural/engineering firms as architects' assistants. They earn average incomes of $50,000 per year.
Naval architects who have worked for five years or more may advance to managerial or consulting jobs. Many of them also opt for self-employment if they have solid track records. Some naval architects may also choose to gain master's degrees in naval architecture or marine engineering. They may also join naval-architecture professional associations, like the Society of Naval Architects & Marine Engineers, to further their education. Yet, substantial marine engineering experience tends to boost advancement prospects the most. These associate architects earn about $77,000 after five years, then perhaps $90,000 after 10 or more years.
2011年3月1日 星期二
Urban Architecture
What is urban architecture you ask? Urban architecture comprises of buildings made for an urban setting. Design considerations for these setting include, the practicalities of life, housing and workplace capacities, the harmony between form and function and energy-efficient design.
Architecture is like any artform in that it sees and follows trends. With changes affecting where and how people work, as well as the world's depleting environment, the demands of tenants and homeowners are changing, and architects must ensure that their designs address those demands. For instance, advances in telecommunications have made it possible for people to live and work in the same place.
As a result, more and more buildings that include shops, restaurants, and services in their foyers are being developed. Similarly, with so much pressure and pollution threatening the well-being of the planet, many companies and individuals have tried to build sustainable features into their properties and make use of renewable energy. This might mean including solar panels on a home, or it might mean building a garden on the roof of an office tower.
An example of new sustainable housing developments, is that being built in Toronto's Regent Park. This 12-storey, 85-unit co-operative seeks to provide an alternative to the majority of condominium towers going up in the city, made mostly of glass. Most units have private terraces, hallways are naturally lit, and the roof is completely covered in grass.
Although we have described some of the most common demands of urban architecture, it can also refer to any kind of innovative design. In Rotterdam for instance a market was built in the shape of a tunnel. Designed by MVRDV and developed by Provast, the development of the market made waves in the city and the world of urban architecture. The halls of the market are covered with LCD screens playing fruit and vegetable images. The arches of the market are ten stories high and comprised of 228 apartments available for rent or purchase.
One of the greatest examples of innovative and environmentally friendly architecture is Mangal City. Mangal City is a series of futuristic skyscrapers built in London. They are inspired by the complex ecosystem created by the mangrove tree. The skyscrapers comprise of modular pod capsules which shift throughout the day to adapt to environmental and contextual conditions.
Architecture is one of the most exciting parts about a city. It's always interesting to visit a new place and see the style of buildings that make it up. Of course, for every urban building that's built there are many shade structures, environmentally friendly canopies, and pow wows that people can easily add on to the outside of their homes, and office towers and schools can put in their courtyards.
Architecture is like any artform in that it sees and follows trends. With changes affecting where and how people work, as well as the world's depleting environment, the demands of tenants and homeowners are changing, and architects must ensure that their designs address those demands. For instance, advances in telecommunications have made it possible for people to live and work in the same place.
As a result, more and more buildings that include shops, restaurants, and services in their foyers are being developed. Similarly, with so much pressure and pollution threatening the well-being of the planet, many companies and individuals have tried to build sustainable features into their properties and make use of renewable energy. This might mean including solar panels on a home, or it might mean building a garden on the roof of an office tower.
An example of new sustainable housing developments, is that being built in Toronto's Regent Park. This 12-storey, 85-unit co-operative seeks to provide an alternative to the majority of condominium towers going up in the city, made mostly of glass. Most units have private terraces, hallways are naturally lit, and the roof is completely covered in grass.
Although we have described some of the most common demands of urban architecture, it can also refer to any kind of innovative design. In Rotterdam for instance a market was built in the shape of a tunnel. Designed by MVRDV and developed by Provast, the development of the market made waves in the city and the world of urban architecture. The halls of the market are covered with LCD screens playing fruit and vegetable images. The arches of the market are ten stories high and comprised of 228 apartments available for rent or purchase.
One of the greatest examples of innovative and environmentally friendly architecture is Mangal City. Mangal City is a series of futuristic skyscrapers built in London. They are inspired by the complex ecosystem created by the mangrove tree. The skyscrapers comprise of modular pod capsules which shift throughout the day to adapt to environmental and contextual conditions.
Architecture is one of the most exciting parts about a city. It's always interesting to visit a new place and see the style of buildings that make it up. Of course, for every urban building that's built there are many shade structures, environmentally friendly canopies, and pow wows that people can easily add on to the outside of their homes, and office towers and schools can put in their courtyards.
2011年2月28日 星期一
Tibetan Architecture
When speaking about Tibetan architecture we primarily refer to three types of structures - first, the palace or fortress, second, the monastery and temple, and third, the house.
There are other structures built that may employ characteristic elements of uniquely Tibetan style, namely stupas. Stupas are on one hand repositories of remains of distinguished deceased monks and lamas, or their personal, considered holy, objects. Stupas also represent spiritual diagrams or symbols of Buddhist interpretation of the elements of universe and body of Buddha. Inherently the stupas in Tibet proper share design characteristics found elsewhere, namely south of the Himalayas whence Buddhism spread from and with it brought certain features that are repeated throughout all Buddhist cultures of Asia.
The so called palaces are best represented by the massive Potala Palace in Lhasa. While referred to as palace, Potala had indeed been the seat of Tibet's spiritual leader, the Dalai Lama. It had been Dalai Lama's principal residence and the institution of religious study thus housing key temples, shrines and living quarters of the monks. Structurally the massive building sits atop a prominent hill with a commanding view and intrinsically possesses defensive elements of a fortress with inclined walls, a feature found in all forms of Tibetan architecture.
Patterned on the Potala design there is a similar structure found in Leh Ladakh, known as the Little Tibet of India. The Leh Palace was an actual king's palace as well as a fort and it is constructed of stone and rammed earth, though Ladakh village houses are mostly built of an adobe style of brick.
A design related to palace types of structures are dzongs, which are found throughout Buddhist world of the region at large, from Tibet to Ladakh, Nepal, Sikkim and Bhutan. In the outer provinces or countryside of the Buddhist Himalayas the dzongs were strongholds of the local landowners or governing noblemen and typically are the largest structures, often built on higher ground.
In Bhutan dzongs were and to this date continue to house principal government offices and the monasteries within their walls stage the key monastic festivals, namely Tshechus and Dromchoes. Three of the fines dzongs in Bhutan are those of Thimphu, Paro and Punakha. While some temples within the dzongs, known as lhakhangs in Bhutan, are open to the public, some are reserved only for worship by the King.
Monasteries typically also employ a fortress style of design. Most often monasteries were built in the center of villages and would be the largest structures. Throughout the greater region of the Himalayas they would often be pained in different color than the village houses, usually deep crimson as opposed to houses that would be whitewashed. But it is not uncommon to find the monasteries located in remote areas, away from the villages, on the periphery of villages or in remote locations altogether, for example next to steep cliffs in which case the cliffs would often be studded with man-made meditation caves, serving as meditation retreats for the monks.
Village house architecture is in general of two styles. When the villages are dispersed settlements, the individual houses are relatively free-standing structures but always displaying the fortress-style of inclined walls.
Opposite style of houses developed in compact villages, where houses are constructed attached to one another horizontally, hugging the contour of a mountain, and when built on steep slopes the houses connect vertically allowing one to traverse from one rooftop to another in either direction, horizontally as well as vertically, as if navigating steps.
Fine examples of village dzong architecture can be found throughout the rain shadow valleys of the Nepal Himalayas, in the lateral valleys behind the principal chain of the High Himalaya, for example in the side valley of the upper Kali Gandaki en route to Muktinath.
In either case the Tibetan house design repeats essentially same functions. The ground level of the house is reserved for livestock and fodder, and for storage of farming implements and carrying baskets. Second level contains the kitchen and living quarter, as well as bedrooms. In larger homes the bedrooms would be on a third floor, which would then also have a prayer room with a house altar. Being flat, roofs constitute essential living and working area of the house. This is where people gather, women weave, dry grains, or household members just rest enjoying warm winter sun on cold days when staying at daytime on a rooftop is preferable to cold interior.
Greek Architecture
Architecture in ancient Greece was usually done with wood or mud-bricks, so their ground plans are the only evidence of their existence. Greeks established most of the most enduring themes, attitudes, and forms of western culture. Architecture is one of the Greek legacies that the western civilization has inherited, as Greece established many of the structural elements, decorative motifs, and building types still used in architecture today.
The two main styles of Greek architecture are doric and ionic. The doric style is much more disciplined and austere, whereas the ionic style is more relaxed and decorative. There was a strong emphasis in building temples for the Greek mythological gods and goddesses. But, there were also well known public buildings like the Parthenon.
Building materials used were limestone and some native stones. Highly expensive marble was used mainly for sculptural decoration found in grand buildings of the classical period. The roofs of their buildings were made up of timber beams covered with overlapping terracotta or occasionally marble tiles.
The structure of ancient Greek architecture consists of a basic cube or rectangle, flanked by colonnades, and a long sequence of columns. Building will have a pronao or a portico that open up to a large open court peristyle. Greeks used very little of the principles of the masonary arch, individual blocks bound together by mortar. The front end of the roof has flat triangular shaped structure, the pediment which is usually filled with scultural decoration.
Temples are the best known form of Greek architecture. The altar of the temple was usually found in the sacred fane, an enclosure, in front of the temple. The inner building of the temple, cella, served mainly as the storage room. The other common public builds of the Greek architecture are gymnasiums, the palaestra, and theatres.
In ancient Greece, architects were hardly treated as valuable master craftsmen, unlike today where the architects are closely associated with the work they produce. And moreover, architecture was not seen as an art form, as it is in modern times.
Modern Architecture
Modern architecture is a style found in the buildings that have simple form without any ornamental structures to them. This style of architecture first came up around 1900. By 1940, modern architecture was identified as an international style and became the dominant way to build for many decades in the 20th century. Modern architects apply scientific and analytical methods to design.
Many historians relate the origins of this style of architecture to the social and political revolution of the time, though others see modern architecture as primarily driven by technological and engineering developments. The availability of new materials such as iron, steel, concrete, and glass brought about new building techniques as part of the industrial revolution. Some regard modern architecture as a reaction against ancient building style. Above all, it is widely accepted as a matter of taste.
For the international style, the most commonly used materials are glass for the facade, steel for exterior support, and concrete for the floors and interior supports. The floor plans are functional and logical. But, many people are not fond of the modern style. They find its stark, uncompromisingly rectangular geometrical designs quite inhumane. They think this universal style is sterile, elitist, and lacks meaning.
Modern architecture challenged traditional ideas about the types of structures suitable for architectural design. Only important civic buildings, aristocratic palaces, churches, and public institutions had long been the mainstay of architectural practices. But, modernist designers argued that architects should design everything that was necessary for society, even the most humble buildings.
Architects began to plan low-cost housing, railroad stations, factories, warehouses, and commercial spaces. In the first half of the 20th century, modern architects produced furniture, textiles, and wallpaper - as well as designing houses - to create a totally designed domestic environment. The aesthetics used by modern architects celebrated function in all forms of design, from household furnishings to massive ocean liners and new flying machines.
Modern architecture originated in the United States and Europe and spread across the rest of the world. The characteristic features that made modern architecture possible were buildings, stylistic movements, technology, and modern materials.
2011年2月27日 星期日
Tuscan Architecture
Tuscan architecture combines modern and classic elements that make up pure Old World Europe. The beauty of architecture Tuscan style comes from the typical custom crafted natural stone. This includes limestone, travertine and marble. Terracotta floor and roof tiles are often used to give the antique feel. In Tuscan architecture, wooden beams are often refurbished from Tuscan farmhouses.
Tuscany architecture involves fine Italian building materials that create beautiful marble fireplaces, wrought iron gates and amazing fountains.
Integrating Tuscan elements brings a sense of Old-World charm and mystique to indoor and outdoor aspects of your home.
Exterior architecture typically include:
Tile roof Wrought iron front door entrance Walls covered with vines Crumbling stone walls that outline patios and walkways Beautiful travertine cobblestone driveways Brick or stone set garden paving Tuscan Landscape : Lavender, rosemary and sage can be found surrounding a Tuscan style home. Old lemon pots and antique jars give the feel of a Tuscany garden .
Interior architecture typically include:
Walls: Plaster walls with hand painted wall treatments. Usage of warm colors that represent the rolling hills of Tuscany bring the feel of basking under the Tuscan sun! Mediterranean decor involves subtle earth tones. These are standard in French Country decorating.
Ceilings: Textured richly. Stenciled borders can be found along the ceilings. Paneled or vaulted ceilings are a typical choice in decor as it creates pure Tuscany architectural framework. Wooden or chestnut beams provide a rustic feel to the Old World style home.
Floor: Glass, stone and tile are often used to create amazing mosaic art for flooring, which works well with table tops. Terracotta tiles, marble and ceramic flooring marks true Tuscany home decor. Selection of marbles that blend nicely with your Tuscan color palette.
Tuscany architecture uses pale travertine in home flooring. Marble Chips, stucco and crushed stone are polished nicely creating terrazo floors.
Norman Architecture
Norman Architecture, named so due to its roots in Normandy, arose in the Middle Ages. It began in the early 11th century and ended by the 12th century, following the Saxon architectural movement and preceding the Gothic movement. Norman architecture is a form of the prevailing Romanesque Architecture that was propagated by the Normans (or Vikings) who conquered England. Its development gave rise to large and impenetrable cathedrals, fortresses, castles, and fortifications.
The archetypal monastery building arose during this movement, with its squat buildings that were either rectangular or circular. For instance, the renowned abbey Mont-Saint-Michel was built in the Norman era. In fact, the majority of Norman Architecture is religious structures, from village churches to royal cathedrals. A hallmark of Norman churches is their cross-like shape, deriving from the Roman basilica pattern. These churches also had bell towers, or campaniles, which were built nearby the main church buildings.
The quintessential medieval castles are also a distinctly Norman innovation. They arose not only in England but also in Scotland, Ireland, Normandy, and even Italy. In Italy, however, Norman features were combined with Byzantine and Arabic styles, which made for less gloominess.
Norman Architecture is actually an outgrowth of Romanesque Architecture, which began in Lombardy, Italy. Romanesque derives much of its architecture from classic Roman styles, such as arches, vaults, columns, and arcades. It greatly utilized the rounded arch, a Roman invention. It also used a great variety of vault styles. The prevailing type was the barrel vault, a curved vault used widely in cloisters.
The building materials used in Norman Architecture mainly included stones, so as to give the buildings greater stability. These stones were uncut because there were no real architectural jobs, such as mason jobs, in the Norman era. Therefore, buildings were made up of large, irregularly shaped stones that contributed to their bulky look.
Norman roofs were vaulted, like their Roman predecessors. Vaults allowed for more balanced weight distribution across the roof. Norman buildings' adornment was minimal, though some architects used their chisels to carve a series of arches into walls. These were not actual arches, but carvings giving a trompe de l'oeil effect. Moreover, some architects carved moldings onto stone surfaces. A minority of architects even became so adroit with their chisel that they sculpted animals onto reliefs over doorways, or tympanums. Arches and columns were also minimally decorated elements. As the Norman movement reached its peak in the 12th century, however, it gave rise to more ornamentation. This ornamentation gradually culminated in the first stained glass windows in the 12th century, directly before the Gothic Architecture took hold.
Norman Architecture is additionally distinguished by very small windows. Before the Gothic movement, architects avoided installing large windows because it increased the chances of building collapse. Therefore, people who resided in Norman buildings were in extremely dim surroundings, using candles as their only source of light. It wasn't until the Gothic period that architects safely installed huge windows to let in an enormous quantity of light, giving cathedrals their celestial quality.
Yet, Romanesque and Norman Architecture also blazed new trails by installing much taller buildings, such as castles and cathedrals, which were the largest structures in Europe at that point. These buildings were usually square and inhabited by guards who worked as night watchmen, scanning the surrounding landscape for intruders.
With these taller buildings came much denser walls to give the needed support to these great heights. Inside these buildings, there were also large columns that bolstered structural support. These walls would become much thinner with the advent of flying buttresses, which arose in the Gothic movement.
One of England's first pieces of Norman Architecture was London's Westminster Abbey. Though this structure is now largely Gothic, it began as a Norman construction. Many Gothic structures, in fact, began as Norman buildings that were later elaborated on by Gothic architects. Many central towers (keeps) on castle and cathedral grounds were also Norman. These square, dense-walled structures were used as dungeons as well as defense fortresses. The Tower of London (also called the White Tower), which served as the royal dungeon, is another penultimate example of Norman Architecture. Like all Romanesque buildings, it was tall in its day, reaching about 90 feet high. It also contained extremely thick walls, spanning about 15 feet wide, to support that height. It is, like many Romanesque buildings, a fortress-like building.
While Gothic Architecture produced extremely tall, magnificent structures, these structures were essentially continuations of Norman Architecture. Gothic Architecture utilized pointed arches rather than Norman rounded arches, along with ribbed vaults that were combinations of Norman barrel vaults. Therefore, Gothic Architecture as we know it may not have taken place without its grounding in Norman Architecture.
Today, most people immediately associate Norman and Romanesque architectural styles with the fairy-tale medieval period. Architects have learned that these castles and cathedrals were not so much royal residences as densely armed fortifications. In truth, most Norman structures have been the sites of much bloodshed and suffering. The "Dark Ages," by which the Middle Ages was alternately known, may have been due in part to the dimness of Norman buildings, as a result of their extremely small windows.
Today's architects are not rebuilding Norman Architecture, except for historical reproduction purposes. Church builders, moreover, take more inspiration from the Gothic period than any other architectural period. However, most architects certainly regard the Norman movement as an architectural watershed. Norman Architecture realized unsurpassed heights and first renewed the magnificence of classical styles. Though taking place in a dark period, it manifested the collective desire to reawaken human greatness, as people perceived it in classical architecture. Part of Norman Architecture's legacy was to have passed on this desire in large measure to the succeeding Renaissance era.
Roman Architecture
Roman architecture is a fusion of traditional Greek and the Etruscan elements, where arches were developed and horizontal beams were supported by columns. Later, three dimensional counterpart of the arch, namely the dome was introduced. Apart from this, Roman architects found their inspiration from the Greek architecture at large.
The basic building materials of the Roman architecture are stones, developed concrete, and highly expensive marble. The idea behind mosaic, a decoration of colorful chips of stone inset into cement, was brought from Greece. Roman homes joined the well known mural decorating floors, walls, and grottoes in geometric and pictorial designs.
Architecture of the Romans was always eclectic and was characterized by varying styles attributed to different regional tastes and diverse preferences of a wide range of patrons. In general, Roman monuments were designed to serve the needs of their patrons rather than to express the artistic ability of their makers.
Roman architecture was also considered to be an exact copy of the Greek building style. But, the Romans have also contributed to the classical architectural styles. The two developments of Roman buildings styles are the tuscan and composite orders. Tuscan is a shortened, simplified variant on the doric order of the Greek style. Composite is a tall order with the floral decoration of the Corinthian and the scrolls of the ionic building style of the Greeks.
The Roman Colosseum is the best-known amphitheatre in the world, which is more correctly termed the Amphitheatrum Flavium, after the Flavian dynasty that built it. The Pantheon is a building in Rome, which was originally built as a temple to the seven deities of the seven planets of the Roman state religion. Since 7th century, it has been a Christian church. The Colosseum and the Pantheon are some of the buildings built during this period.
Roman contribution to the architecture of the modern world is the development of concrete for building purposes. And the other contribution is the Empire's style of architecture that can be still seen throughout Europe and North America in the arches and domes of many governmental and religious buildings.
Organic Architecture
What is Organic Architecture?
The term "Organic Architecture" was invented by the great architect, Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959). An architecture idea which promotes harmony between man-made structure and the nature around, through design approach so well integrated that the buildings and surroundings become part of a unified & interrelated composition
Objectives
Organic architecture not only addresses environmental concerns but also expresses individuality. As each building is related to the variables like man, site & time so every resulting structure is unique & unrepeatable.
Origin & Inspiration
Primitive vernacular architecture was innately organic, based on natural forms, structures and simple, local materials. The rectilinear, perpendicular form of architecture that came to dominate the 20th century was the reflection of an industrially driven age. However In the new millennium the designers are awakening to a new world inspired by the creative forces of nature and biological organisms.
It was in the USA that organic architecture began its great modern journey when Architect Louis Sullivan described his famous proverb that form follows function--a key concept for organic design. Frank Lloyd Wright would often choose sites close to woods, rock formations, or even waterfalls and his buildings would become part of nature. For Antoni Gaudí, Spanish architect the straight line belonged to men and the curved line to God.
Characteristics
- The design approach is inspired by nature & the built form grows out of the site, emerging like an organism from the seed of the nature.
- It is visually poetic, radical in design, multifaceted & surprising, distinctive but flexible & environmentally conscious.
- Organic architecture is said to be the mother of all architecture- sustainable or bio architecture, alternative architecture or any other.
Some examples of this movement are: Kaufman Residence 'Falling Water' (Pennsylvania), Sydney Opera House (Sydney), Casa Mila (Barcelona), Lotus Temple (New Delhi).
- It is visually poetic, radical in design, multifaceted & surprising, distinctive but flexible & environmentally conscious.
- Organic architecture is said to be the mother of all architecture- sustainable or bio architecture, alternative architecture or any other.
Some examples of this movement are: Kaufman Residence 'Falling Water' (Pennsylvania), Sydney Opera House (Sydney), Casa Mila (Barcelona), Lotus Temple (New Delhi).
Approach
- A respect for natural materials (wood should look like wood)
- Blend into the surroundings (a house should look part of the hill, not perched on it)
- An honest expression of the function of the building (don't make a bank look like a Greek temple).
- Blend into the surroundings (a house should look part of the hill, not perched on it)
- An honest expression of the function of the building (don't make a bank look like a Greek temple).
Exploring Organic Architecture
New age, architects have taken the concept of organic design to new heights by employing newer materials & technology in the application of natural shapes, rhythm & composition to their buildings. The re-emergence of organic design represents a new freedom of thought. This is affecting most fields of design- products, furniture, lighting, textile design, architecture, landscape and interior design. More liberated and imaginative forms, unacceptable to major corporate clients a few years ago, are now being encouraged & accepted.
Inference
Rectilinear buildings are not ideal "green" buildings if they work against the dynamics of fluids, heat, light, sound, and force. The buildings need to work with nature and allow optimum shapes and forms to be developed that are more efficient, economic, and appropriate to local climate and environmental conditions. With continuous expansion of cities, there is a growing lack of interaction between, man & nature. Organic structures with free flowing & curvilinear organic forms inspired by nature can fill in this void enhancing the city spaces aesthetically, spiritually & with the spirit of pursuit & marvel.
Concerns
Organic or sustainable architecture is evolving fast, but there is a risk of it becoming a superficial statement engrossed in high-tech science and technology & organic forms being superimposed from the outside rather than evolving like life from within. We need to learn to use natural forms & materials from observing living forms & creatures which are the very forms of life and growth that inspires organic architecture.
2011年2月26日 星期六
Architectural Styles
Architectural styles denote the classification of architecture in terms of form, techniques and materials in an integration of architecture designs from over lapping periods of time. There have evolved various and diverse types of architectural styles over the years; listed blow are some of the more popular ones.
Art Deco
The Art Deco style was an echo of the Machine Age and became popular in the 1920s. It was stylized by geometric decorative elements and a vertically oriented design. Towers and other projections above the roofline enhance the vertical emphasis of this style while flat roofs, metal window casements, and smooth stucco walls with rectangular cut-outs are symbolic of the Art Deco exterior. Facades are marked with zigzags and other stylized floral, geometric and sunrise motifs. A distinctly urban style, Art Deco in American architecture was used widely and popularly for commercial buildings during this period.
Colonial
More than simply the design elements, Colonial architecture refers to the time period in American architecture, between the early 1600s, when the first colonists began to build settlements and 1776, the year the colonies declared their independence from England. Economical, refined and basic, the colonial designs reflect the buildings practices of America's early settlers. Although Colonial architecture is often thought of as stately and symmetrical with an orderly arrangement of windows, it actually comes in several sizes, shapes and styles reflecting the diverse cultural traditions of the English, Dutch, Spanish and French.
Contemporary
Contemporary-style homes became hugely popular between 1950 and 1970. There were two types of contemporary American architecture - the flat-roof type and the gabled roof type. These were characterized by odd-sized and often tall windows, lack of ornamentation, and unique mixtures of wall materials like stone, brick, and wood. Both types of designs were one-story tall and designed to incorporate the surrounding architectural landscape into their overall look.
Georgian
Fanciful and royal, the Georgian architecture was styled in honor of the first three monarchs of England, all of whom were named George. Formal and majestic Georgian homes are known for their refined and symmetrical design with paired chimneys and a decorative crown over the front door. Another unique feature is the orderly row of five windows across the second story. With sport side-gabled roofs, Georgian houses are two to three stories high, and constructed in brick. Besides symmetry, this kind of architecture is symbolized by rich classical detail such as large Greek or Roman style columns, elaborate entryways with beautifully arched windows resting atop them and elegant ornamentation.
Gothic Revival
Gothic Revival became popular in the mid 1800s. This style was largely influenced by English romanticism and intricate wooden millwork. It was characterized by Gothic windows with distinctive pointed arches and featured exposed framing timbers and steep vaulted roofs with cross-gables. They also included extravagant features such as towers and verandas.
International
European architects initiated the modern style of architecture in the 20th century. Using materials such as concrete, glass and steel, it was devoid of ornamentation or decoration. The architectural landscape in the international style introduced the idea of exposed functional building elements such as elevator shafts, ground-to-ceiling plate glass windows, and smooth facades.
Prarie House
The first Prairie-style house was designed by Frank Lloyd Wright in Chicago in 1893. This American architectural style peaked between the years 1900s and 1920s and focused on modest homes that blended the natural beauty of the Midwestern landscape. It consists of two main styles - boxy and symmetrical or low-slung and asymmetrical and the materials used are brick and clapboard. It has low pitched gable roofs with eaves extending well beyond the walls, creating an effect that allows it to blend with the scenery. Other details included pronounced overhangs, stone belts to accentuate the horizontal designs, rows of casement windows, one-story porches with massive square supports as well as stylized floral and circular geometric terra-cotta or masonry decorations around doors, windows, and cornices.
Shingle Victorian
This American architectural style was used widely in cottages along the trendy, wealthy North-eastern coastal towns of Long Island and Newport in the late 19th century. Wide porches, unadorned doors, windows, and cornices, steeply pitched roof lines are symbolic of this style. Continuous wood shingles cover the entire surface of the home, giving it a cohesive look. Some unique features in this style include dormers, recessed balconies, and side towers with bell or conical roofs structured under the shingles.
Tudor
This architecture was initiated in the 1920s and 1930s, but continues to remain a popular architectural style in suburbs across the United States even today. It is characterised by half-timbering on bay windows and upper floors with facades that are pronounced by one or more steeply pitched cross gables. Patterned brick or stone walls, rounded doorways, multi-paned casement windows, and large stone chimneys are also some of the features of this architectural style.
Victorian
Victorian architecture in America originated in the second half of the 19th century, when America was identifying new approaches to building and design. Victorian styles include Second Empire, Italianate, Stick, and Queen Anne among others. Advances in modern technology ensured the incorporation of ornamentation such as brackets, spindles, and patterned shingles into the Victorian designs.
The History of Metal Buildings
Metal buildings were the one of the most distinctive innovations of the Industrial revolution. Innovations in the production of iron and steel allowed for the increased use of metal in the construction of buildings and other architectural structures. From the construction of railways, trains and bridges, this development radically transformed the world and society in which we live.
Prior to the Industrial revolution most buildings and structures were made of wood. Going back to antiquity many large structures were made of various types of stone. Marble, shale, limestone and other heavy stones had been used to construct the greatest structures from the ancient world. From the Great Pyramids of Egypt to the Acropolis in Greece to the Coliseum in Rome, the use of thousands of human individuals went into their construction.
After the Renaissance, smaller buildings were built with bricks and mortar. By the age of the Industrial Revolution many of the large factories were built almost entirely of brick and stone. The Industrial Revolution transformed the landscapes of Europe and North America. The demand for massive scales of labour, forced many people to migrate from the countryside to towns and cities. As the masses moved into the cities, housing for large numbers of people became essential.
Wooden structures were not appropriate to house such large numbers of people. Fires were the primary danger. Also wooden structures were not sturdy enough to securely house many people in one building. As the industrial workers needed housing, the architecture of housing changed. Buildings of brick and glass were supported by iron frames.
As cities exploded in population growth, mass transportation was needed. Cities laid down iron rails on street surfaces and above the ground to construct tram lines and elevated rapid transit. Cities situated on rivers constructed newer and larger bridges to accommodate the increase of traffic. Wooden bridges were replaced by iron bridges.
In the United States, many factories were constructed entirely of cast iron. The SoHo district of New York was the first industrial zone of the city. Today, the factories have given way to lofts and art galleries. SoHo is a national landmark for being America's first district made entirely of cast iron.
The most famous structure in the world made entirely of iron is the Eiffel Tower in Paris. A monument to French industrial and engineering technology, it was noted for being the world's tallest structure. Standing at more than one thousand feet in the air, it's Paris' most famous and distinctive landmark. The Eiffel Tower ushered in the era of the skyscraper and the use of iron and steel in the construction of buildings.
Today, metal buildings are everywhere both large and small. They can be found in the largest cities in the world and in the smallest most rural communities. They are no longer confined for industrial urban and technological purposes. They are increasing used by farmers as barns. Fewer and fewer barns today are made of wood. Iron and steel are the essential elements of building construction in the world today.
Interior Decorating Tips - The Perfect Chess Set For Your Personality
Home decorating ideas are basic common sense use of a particular interior decorating theme. This can be in your home, apartment, shared home, or your office. It is fascinating to use a particular theme in your business also. Integrating themes into your home decor ideas are easy with simple steps. Use your chess set as a model to make the theme blend. Work at your own pace and keep your theme goal in mind as you make changes to your decor.
First step is to find out who you are. Understand your likes and dislikes, discover your personality. Use the following words to loosely discover your personality: Frolicsome, Athletic, Cultured. This article discusses the second three personalities of twelve. Use interior decorating tips to blend your favorite theme chess pieces and boards with these personality traits and color combinations.
Frolicsome - A playful nature that is given to joking and teasing in an uplifting manner. Lighthearted and a good sport are characteristic of this personality trait. Picture kittens playing and that is a perfect visual picture of this character trait. A goofy looking chess set, or one that is whimsical, spunky, mischievous, amusing, enjoyable, entertaining and or pleasing. A good prank is always enjoyed and a chess set that would fit this characteristic would make a great gift for this personality and home decor theme.
Colors: Playful colors for home decor and office decor internal decorating ideas are great for developing creativity in children. Imaginations can be developed in the right color settings. Try strawberry pink for parties, blue and yellow and lavender for the legend and fairy tale settings and jungle green for adventures and red and blue for enhancing hero and action themes. Greens make a great soothing theme for quiet times. Good theme chess pieces represent many action and hero themes with legends and stories.
Athletic - The first use of the term sporty dates back to 1889. It is anything involved with sports. This is an easy category for personalities as it is exact and definitive. Think of the styles of sport cars or the opposing aspect, think of the character of sportsmanship. Many or all of the sports are represented in chess set themes so pick one and have fun!
Colors: The decor color themes for this trait could be the color of your favorite sports team. Bright hues that motivate you outside can have great effects in your decor. Use natural tones as neutral colors to maintain a balanced effect. A dark color atmosphere creates a quiet area for relaxation and refreshment. Be creative and the effects will be awesome. Pick a favorite sports chess set with this theme to accent the atmosphere you have created.
Cultured - The personalities that are more seasoned, experience or schooled in the world or human affairs fit into this personality trait. The term worldly was used before the 12th century. Look for chess sets that fit into your characteristic of sophistication, cosmopolitan, urban life, suave, realistic, more down to earth, representing the world. This perspective would be your own, but it would reflect a home decor and blend in well with the decor. Note the descriptions of the chess set for clues that it would make a great fit with your interior decorating scheme.
Colors: Think colors representing different cultures. Use chess sets that mirror those cultures. Spice colors for the Far East, rich exotic hues for exotic lands, hot pepper colors with tropical colors, island sunset colors, ocean colors, the list is endless. This is a great way to get creative; any chess set will easily be a great addition to your room decor when you choose this theme.
Basic point: You will buy from your preferences which have roots in your character. There are so many personality traits that make it great fun to pick the perfect chess set, whether it is for your home, your office, your business or a gift. Cultures, past experiences and interests all add to the concept of developing your personality. Use these interior decorating tips to make your next chess set purchase.
2011年2月25日 星期五
Gothic Architecture and Art - Characteristics, Design and History
Gothic architecture can be traced back to the Ottoman Empire and the height of the Arab reign over the East. Christopher Wren (1632 - 1723), a multidisciplinary scholar and renowned architect, discussed these early origins of Gothic architecture and addressed the Muslim influence on its beautiful and intricate designs. Imprints of these Muslim designs later came to influence European and Western architectural ideas.
The origins of many Gothic structural elements can be found in mosques and palaces built during the Ottoman empire. Arabs of that time translated past Greek architectural influence into their own distinct style, a style that remains the origin of Gothic designs found in Europe, Africa and other countries. France was one of the first European countries to utilize Gothic design, and it is said to be the place of origin for European Gothic architecture.
The origin of Gothic architectural design in the Arabian word began with a desire to create buildings and mosques that were distinguishable from churches and other western-inspired structures. Much of the inspiration from that era translated into excessive boldness, distinct sections of inordinate detail, and into designs with extreme delicacy and fancy patterns. Moreover, much like the beauty and passion the Arabs injected into their poetry and literary works of the time, their architectural designs originated from a delicate taste of superfluous ornaments, extravagant detail and a desire to communicate to their audience a love for art and detail.
Meticulous detail and a dedicated attention to what would normally be missed at a quick glance was also, and still is, a trademark of the Gothic design that originated from the Arab world. Interestingly, today there is a heavy emphasis put on cathedrals and churches when referring to Gothic design. However; the distinctive detail and intricate nature of Gothic design is explicit and dominant in many of the mosques and palaces that were created during the Ottoman empire, and also during the reign of the Muslim empire in the east.
Styles used in European Gothic architecture originated from Spain during the height of the Arabian empire. The uptake of such designs was propelled by an intense European desire to acquire knowledge and expertise from the pioneers in the Arabian world. In addition to learning about architectural designs, Europeans also studied math, physics, philosophy and poetry from the East. Many of the churches and related buildings erected in Europe and Spain during this time were based on the Saracen model, a model that stemmed from the imagination and innovation of the vast Arabian empire.
Wren's adoption and admiration of these influences was especially apparent in his design for the Cathedral of St.Paul. Structures of domes and minarets, along with other inordinate detail are prominent in this building. Wren, who passed at the age of 91, was one of the first Western scholars to fully acknowledge and exemplify the Muslim and Arabian influence on Gothic design.
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